An Assessment of Public–Private Partnership Approaches to Housing Delivery in Ekiti and Oyo States, Nigeria

Abstract

Nigeria continues to face a significant housing deficit due to rapid urbanisation, population growth, inadequate housing finance mechanisms, and limited public-sector capacity to provide affordable housing. Public–Private Partnership (PPP) has emerged as a strategic approach for mobilising private-sector expertise, innovation, and investment in housing delivery. This study assessed PPP approaches to housing delivery in Ekiti and Oyo States, Nigeria. A quantitative survey research design was adopted, and structured questionnaires were administered to construction professionals involved in housing development projects. Sixty questionnaires were distributed, of which fifty-five valid responses were retrieved, representing a response rate of 91.7%. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 25). The findings revealed that the Design–Build–Operate–Transfer (DBOT) model was the most widely adopted PPP approach, while long-term service contracts constituted the preferred procurement structure. The results further showed that political stability, economic conditions, and institutional capacity significantly influenced PPP adoption and jointly explained 64% of the variation in PPP implementation (R² = 0.64, p < 0.05). The study concludes that PPP remains a viable mechanism for improving housing delivery in Nigeria when supported by stable governance systems, favourable economic conditions, and effective institutional frameworks. The study highlights the need for strengthened institutional capacity and policy support to enhance sustainable housing delivery through PPP arrangements.